Trends in Syntheses, Structures, and Properties for Three Series of Ammine Rare-Earth Metal Borohydrides, M(BH4)(3)center dot nNH(3) (M = Y, Gd, and Dy)

Abstract

Fourteen solvent- and halide-free ammine rare-earth metal borohydrides M(BH4)(3)center dot nNH(3), M = Y, Gd, Dy, n = 7, 6, 5, 4, 2, and 1, have been synthesized by a new approach, and their structures as well as chemical and physical properties are characterized Extensive series of coordination complexes with Systematic Variation in the number of ligands are presented, as prepared by combined mechanochemistry, solvent-based methods, solid-gas reactions, and thermal treatment. This new synthesis approach may have a significant impact within inorganic coordination chemistry. Halide-free metal borohydrides have been synthesized by solvent-based metathesis reactions of LiBH4 and MCl3 (3:1), followed by reactions of M(BH4)(3) with an excess of NH3 gas, yielding M(BH4)(3)center dot 7NH(3) (M = Y, Gd, and Dy). Crystal structure models for M(BH4)(3)center dot nNH(3) are derived from a combination of powder X-ray diffraction (PXD), B-11 magic-angle spinning NMR, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The structures vary from two-dimensional layers (n = 1), one-dimensional chains (n = 2), molecular compounds (n = 4 and 5), to contain complex ions (n = 6 and 7). NH3 coordinates to the metal in all compounds, while BH4- has a flexible coordination, i.e., either as a terminal or bridging ligand or as a counterion. M(BH4)(3)center dot 7NH(3) releases ammonia stepwise by thermal treatment producing M(BH4)(3)center dot nNH(3) (6, 5, and 4), whereas hydrogen is released for n <= 4. Detailed analysis of the dihydrogen bonds reveals new insight about the hydrogen elimination mechanism, which contradicts current hypotheses. Overall, the present work provides new general knowledge toward rational materials design and preparation along with limitations of PXD and DFT for analysis of structures with a significant degree of dynamics in the structures.