Near-Unity Coupling Efficiency of a Quantum Emitter to a Photonic Crystal Waveguide

Abstract

A quantum emitter efficiently coupled to a nanophotonic waveguide constitutes a promising system for the realization of single-photon transistors, quantum-logic gates based on giant single-photon nonlinearities, and high bit-rate deterministic single-photon sources. The key figure of merit for such devices is the beta factor, which is the probability for an emitted single photon to be channeled into a desired waveguide mode. We report on the experimental achievement of beta = 98.43% +/- 0.04% for a quantum dot coupled to a photonic crystal waveguide, corresponding to a single-emitter cooperativity of eta = 62.7 +/- 1.5. This constitutes a nearly ideal photon-matter interface where the quantum dot acts effectively as a 1D "artificial" atom, since it interacts almost exclusively with just a single propagating optical mode. The beta factor is found to be remarkably robust to variations in position and emission wavelength of the quantum dots. Our work demonstrates the extraordinary potential of photonic crystal waveguides for highly efficient single-photon generation and on-chip photon-photon interaction.