Lee, Choong-Gu Cha, Kwang Hyun Kim, Gi-Cheon Im, Sin-Hyeog Kwon, Ho-Keun 2024-01-19T09:03:43Z 2024-01-19T09:03:43Z 2023-09-07 2023-07 0168-6445 https://pubs.kist.re.kr/handle/201004/113483 Probiotics, live microorganisms that confer health benefits when consumed in adequate amounts, have gained significant attention for their potential therapeutic applications. The beneficial effects of probiotics are believed to stem from their ability to enhance intestinal barrier function, inhibit pathogens, increase beneficial gut microbes, and modulate immune responses. However, clinical studies investigating the effectiveness of probiotics have yielded conflicting results, potentially due to the wide variety of probiotic species and strains used, the challenges in controlling the desired number of live microorganisms, and the complex interactions between bioactive substances within probiotics. Bacterial cell wall components, known as effector molecules, play a crucial role in mediating the interaction between probiotics and host receptors, leading to the activation of signaling pathways that contribute to the health-promoting effects. Previous reviews have extensively covered different probiotic effector molecules, highlighting their impact on immune homeostasis. Understanding how each probiotic component modulates immune activity at the molecular level may enable the prediction of immunological outcomes in future clinical studies. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the structural and immunological features of probiotic effector molecules, focusing primarily on Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. We also discuss current gaps and limitations in the field and propose directions for future research to enhance our understanding of probiotic-mediated immunomodulation. English Blackwell Exploring probiotic effector molecules and their mode of action in gut-immune interactions Article 10.1093/femsre/fuad046 1 FEMS Microbiology Reviews, v.47, no.4 FEMS Microbiology Reviews 47 4 N scie scopus 001053115500001 2-s2.0-85168788213 Microbiology Microbiology Review GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA LACTIC-ACID BACTERIA LACTOBACILLUS-ACIDOPHILUS ANTIINFLAMMATORY CAPACITY PEPTIDOGLYCAN STRUCTURE HUMAN HEALTH EXOPOLYSACCHARIDE CELLS BIOSYNTHESIS ADHESION probiotics effector molecules Lactobacillus Bifidobacterium gut-immune interaction regulatory T cells T helper 17 cells