Jo, Yehhyun Lee, Sang-Mok Jung, Taesub Park, Gijae Lee, Chanhee Im, Geun Ho Lee, Seongju Park, Jin Soo Oh, Chaerin Kook, Geon Kim, Hyunggug Kim, Seongyeon Lee, Byung Chul Suh, Greg S. B. Kim, Seong-Gi Kim, Jeongyeon Lee, Hyunjoo J. 2024-01-19T10:33:22Z 2024-01-19T10:33:22Z 2022-11-04 2022-12 2198-3844 https://pubs.kist.re.kr/handle/201004/114252 Transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation (tFUS) is an effective noninvasive treatment modality for brain disorders with high clinical potential. However, the therapeutic effects of ultrasound neuromodulation are not widely explored due to limitations in preclinical systems. The current preclinical studies are head-fixed, anesthesia-dependent, and acute, limiting clinical translatability. Here, this work reports a general-purpose ultrasound neuromodulation system for chronic, closed-loop preclinical studies in freely behaving rodents. This work uses microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology to design and fabricate a small and lightweight transducer capable of artifact-free stimulation and simultaneous neural recording. Using the general-purpose system, it can be observed that state-dependent ultrasound neuromodulation of the prefrontal cortex increases rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and protects spatial working memory to REM sleep deprivation. The system will allow explorative studies in brain disease therapeutics and neuromodulation using ultrasound stimulation for widespread clinical adoption. English Wiley-VCH Verlag General-Purpose Ultrasound Neuromodulation System for Chronic, Closed-Loop Preclinical Studies in Freely Behaving Rodents Article 10.1002/advs.202202345 1 Advanced Science, v.9, no.34 Advanced Science 9 34 Y scie scopus 000869639800001 Chemistry, Multidisciplinary Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Materials Science, Multidisciplinary Chemistry Science & Technology - Other Topics Materials Science Article SPONTANEOUS-ALTERNATION BEHAVIOR SLEEP-DEPRIVATION BRAIN-STIMULATION REM-SLEEP DISEASE ANIMALS MARKER MODEL closed-loop systems preclinical studies rapid eye movement (REM) sleep modulation spatial working memory therapeutics ultrasound stimulation