Seo, Suyeong Lee, Ji Eun Lee, Kangwon Kim, Hong Nam 2024-01-19T12:33:58Z 2024-01-19T12:33:58Z 2022-04-03 2022-02 2051-8153 https://pubs.kist.re.kr/handle/201004/115673 Nanoparticles, such as dust or fine particles produced from diverse sources, are regarded as hazardous materials to human organs, and the interest in understanding their biological mechanisms and evaluating the cellular response of nanoparticles is growing. The toxicity of nanoparticles is determined by several factors associated with not only their own properties, but also the surrounding microenvironmental factors of the cell. However, owing to its simplicity, in vitro-based evaluation of nanomaterial toxicity has been conventionally performed using a monolayer cell sheet cultured on a stiff surface in a static environment. Although 2D-based static models efficiently provide rapid assay results, the cytotoxicity of nanomaterials is frequently over- or underestimated due to the low consideration of the microenvironmental factors observed in vivo. To overcome the issue of low predictivity of conventional toxicity assays, many researchers have replicated some physiological factors when monitoring cellular responses induced by nanoparticles. In this review, we classify these microenvironmental factors and summarise their effects on cellular cytotoxicity evaluated in in vitro models that recapitulate the physiological microenvironment. Cellular toxicity upon exposure to nanoparticles was found to be different in the presence of physiological conditions, including vascular geometries, fluidic conditions, cyclic stretching, physical barriers, and cell-cell interactions; in some cases, these results are more like those observed in vivo. Our results imply that the consideration of microenvironmental factors is indispensable to provide more useful and reliable information than that provided by conventional 2D-based static in vitro testing platforms. English ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY Effects of microenvironmental factors on assessing nanoparticle toxicity Article 10.1039/d1en00925g 1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE-NANO, v.9, no.2, pp.454 - 476 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE-NANO 9 2 454 476 N scie scopus 000739568800001 2-s2.0-85125054325 Chemistry, Multidisciplinary Environmental Sciences Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Chemistry Environmental Sciences & Ecology Science & Technology - Other Topics Review OXIDATIVE STRESS PARTICLE-SIZE MULTICELLULAR SPHEROIDS TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT ON-A-CHIP PROTEIN CORONA EXTRACELLULAR-MATRIX SHEAR-STRESS GOLD NANOPARTICLES ENDOTHELIAL-CELLS