Lee, R. Lee, N.-E. Choi, S.-H. Nam, S.M. Kim, H.-C. Rhim, Hye whon Cho, I.-H. Hwang, S.-H. Nah, S.-Y. 2024-01-19T14:33:03Z 2024-01-19T14:33:03Z 2021-09-02 2021-06 2213-4220 https://pubs.kist.re.kr/handle/201004/116952 Background: Recently, gintonin and gintonin-enriched fraction (GEF) have been isolated from ginseng, a herbal medicine. Gintonin induces [Ca2+]i transition in cultured hippocampal neurons and stimulates acetylcholine release through LPA receptor activation. Oral administration of GEF is linked to hippocampus-dependent cognitive enhancement and other neuroprotective effects; however, effects of its long-term administration on hippocampal gene expression remains unknown. Here, we used next-generation sequence (NGS) analysis to examine changes in hippocampal gene expressions after long-term oral administration of GEF. Methods: C57BL/6 mice were divided into three groups: control group, GEF50 (GEF 50 mg/kg, p.o.), and GEF100 (GEF 100 mg/kg, p.o.). After 22 days, total RNA was extracted from mouse hippocampal tissues. NGS was used for gene expression profiling; quantitative-real-time PCR and western blot were performed to quantify the changes in specific genes and to confirm the protein expression levels in treatment groups. Results: NGS analysis screened a total of 23,282 genes, analyzing 11-related categories. We focused on the neurogenesis category, which includes four genes for candidate markers: choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) gene, β3-adrenergic receptor (Adrb3) gene, and corticotrophin-releasing hormone (Crh) gene, and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (Tdo2) gene. Real-time PCR showed a marked overexpression of ChAT, Adrb3, and Crh genes, while reduced expression of Tdo2. Western blot analysis also confirmed increased ChAT and decreased Tdo2 protein levels. Conclusion: We found that GEF affects mouse hippocampal gene expressions, associated with memory, cognitive, anti-stress and anti-anxiety functions, and neurodegeneration at differential degree, that might explain the genetic bases of GEF-mediated neuroprotective effects. ？ 2020 English 한국한의학연구원 Effects of gintonin-enriched fraction on hippocampal gene expressions Article 10.1016/j.imr.2020.100475 1 Integrative Medicine Research, v.10, no.2 Integrative Medicine Research 10 2 Y scie scopus kci ART002726173 000670077300006 2-s2.0-85093648626 Integrative & Complementary Medicine Integrative & Complementary Medicine Article hippocampus male mouse nervous system development nonhuman protein expression level real time polymerase chain reaction RNA extraction RNA sequencing upregulation Western blotting beta 3 adrenergic receptor beta3 integrin calcium binding protein choline acetyltransferase collagen and calcium binding EGF domain 1 corticotropin releasing factor gintonin enriched fraction kinase insert domain protein receptor neuropilin 1 phosphotransferase plant medicinal product plexin plexin D1 protein c jun semaphorin semaphorin 5A transcription factor E2F7 tryptophan 2,3 dioxygenase unclassified drug animal experiment animal tissue Article controlled study down regulation drug effect gene expression gene expression profiling gene overexpression ginseng high throughput sequencing hippocampal tissue Cognition Ginseng Gintonin Hippocampus gene NGS analysis