Choi, Sun-Hye Lee, Rami Nam, Sung Min Kim, Do-Geun Cho, Ik-Hyun Kim, Hyoung-Chun Cho, Yoonjeong Rhim, Hyewhon Nah, Seung-Yeol 2024-01-19T15:04:49Z 2024-01-19T15:04:49Z 2022-01-10 2021-03 2213-4220 https://pubs.kist.re.kr/handle/201004/117294 Background: A dramatic increase in aging populations and low birth rates rapidly drive aging societies and increase aging-associated neurodegenerative diseases. However, functional food or medicinal formulations to prevent geriatric brain disorders are not readily available. Panax ginseng is a candidate, since ginseng has long-been consumed as a rejuvenating agent. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms and the components of ginseng that are responsible for brain rejuvenation and human longevity are unknown. Accumulating evidence shows that gintonin is a candidate for the anti-aging ingredient of ginseng, especially in brain senescence. Methods: Gintonin, a glycolipoprotein complex, contains three lipid-derived G protein-coupled receptor ligands: lysophosphatidic acids (LPAs), lysophosphatidylinositols (LPIs), and linoleic acid (LA). LPA, LPI, and LA act on six LPA receptor subtypes, GPR55, and GPR40, respectively. These G protein-coupled receptors are distributed within the nervous and non-nervous systems of the human body. Results: Gintonin-enriched fraction (GEF) exhibits anti-brain senescence and effects against disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's disease (HD), and Parkinson's disease (PD). Oral administration of gintonin in animal models of D-galactose-induced brain aging, AD, HD, and PD restored cognitive and motor functions. The underlying molecular mechanisms of gintonin-mediated anti-brain aging and anti-neurodegenerative diseases include neurogenesis, autophagy stimulation, anti-apoptosis, anti-oxidative stress, and anti-inflammatory activities. This review describes the characteristics of gintonin and GEF, and how gintonin exerts its effects on brain aging and brain associated-neurodegenerative diseases. Conclusion: Finally, we describe how GEF can be applied to improve the quality of life of senior citizens in aging societies. (C) 2020 Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). English 한국한의학연구원 Ginseng gintonin, aging societies, and geriatric brain diseases Article 10.1016/j.imr.2020.100450 1 Integrative Medicine Research, v.10, no.1, pp.1 - 12 Integrative Medicine Research 10 1 1 12 Y scie scopus kci ART002699168 000636244100018 Integrative & Complementary Medicine Integrative & Complementary Medicine Review LYSOPHOSPHATIDIC ACID RECEPTORS HUNTINGTONS-DISEASE PARKINSONS-DISEASE ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE CELL-PROLIFERATION ENRICHED FRACTION XENOPUS OOCYTES NEUROBLAST DIFFERENTIATION CHOLINERGIC HYPOTHESIS CANNABINOID RECEPTOR Panax ginseng Gintonin Brain aging Neurodegenerative diseases Rejuvenation