Shin, Beomju Lee, Jung Ho Yu, Changsu Kim, Chulki Lee, Taikjin 2024-01-19T15:04:55Z 2024-01-19T15:04:55Z 2022-01-10 2021-03 1424-8220 https://pubs.kist.re.kr/handle/201004/117300 Some of the shopping malls, airports, hospitals, etc. have underground parking lots where hundreds of vehicles can be parked. However, first-time visitors find it difficult to determine their current location and need to keep moving the vehicle to find an empty parking space. Moreover, they need to remember the parked location, and find a nearby staircase or elevator to move toward the destination. In such a situation, if the user location can be estimated, a new navigation system can be offered, which can assist users. This study presents an underground parking lot navigation system using long-term evolution (LTE) signals. As the proposed system utilizes LTE network signals for which the infrastructure is already installed, no additional infrastructure is required. To estimate the location of the vehicle, the signal strength of the LTE signal is accumulated, and the location of the vehicle is estimated by comparing it with the previously stored database of the LTE received signal strength (RSS). In addition, the acceleration and gyroscope sensors of a smartphone are used to improve the vehicle position estimation performance. The effectiveness of the proposed system is verified by conducting an experiment in a large shopping-mall underground parking lot where approximately 500 vehicles can be parked. From the results of the experiment, an error of less than an average of 10 m was obtained, which shows that seamless navigation is possible using the proposed system even in an environment where GNSS does not function. English MDPI Underground Parking Lot Navigation System Using Long-Term Evolution Signal Article 10.3390/s21051725 1 SENSORS, v.21, no.5 SENSORS 21 5 scie scopus 000628659100001 2-s2.0-85101665617 Chemistry, Analytical Engineering, Electrical & Electronic Instruments & Instrumentation Chemistry Engineering Instruments & Instrumentation Article underground parking lot navigation smartphone LTE