Mohamed, Badr A. Ellis, Naoko Kim, Chang Soo Bi, Xiaotao 2024-01-19T16:01:02Z 2024-01-19T16:01:02Z 2021-09-02 2020-12 2296-4185 https://pubs.kist.re.kr/handle/201004/117685 This paper studied the synergistic effects of catalyst mixtures on biomass catalytic pyrolysis in comparison with the single catalyst in a microwave reactor and a TGA. In general, positive synergistic effects were identified based on increased mass loss rate, reduced activation energy, and improved bio-oil quality compared to the case with a single catalyst at higher catalyst loads. 10KP/10Bento (a mixture of 10% K3PO4 and 10% bentonite) increased the mass loss rate by 85 and 45% at heating rates of 100 and 25 degrees C/min, respectively, compared to switchgrass without catalyst. The activation energy for 10KP/10Bento and 10KP/10Clino (a mixture of 10% K3PO4 and 10% clinoptilolite) was slightly lower or similar to other catalysts at 30 wt.% load. The reduction in the activation energy by the catalyst mixture was higher at 100 degrees C/min than 25 degrees C/min due to the improved catalytic activity at higher heating rates. Synergistic effects are also reflected in the improved properties of bio-oil, as acids, aldehydes, and anhydrosugars were significantly decreased, whereas phenol and aromatic compounds were substantially increased. 30KP (30% K3PO4) and 10KP/10Bento increased the content of alkylated phenols by 341 and 207%, respectively, in comparison with switchgrass without catalyst. Finally, the use of catalyst mixtures improved the catalytic performance markedly, which shows the potential to reduce the production cost of bio-oil and biochar from microwave catalytic pyrolysis. English Frontiers Research Foundation Synergistic Effects of Catalyst Mixtures on Biomass Catalytic Pyrolysis Article 10.3389/fbioe.2020.615134 1 Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, v.8 Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 8 Y scie scopus 000602602600001 2-s2.0-85098290610 Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology Multidisciplinary Sciences Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology Science & Technology - Other Topics Article MICROWAVE-ASSISTED PYROLYSIS BIO-OIL RAPID PYROLYSIS NATURAL ZEOLITE KINETICS LIGNIN WOOD MECHANISMS CONVERSION BIOCHAR synergistic effects of catalysts microwave catalytic pyrolysis K3PO4 clinoptilolite bentonite biomass pyrolysis