Hong, Soonil Kim, Geunjin Park, Byoungwook Kim, Ju-Hyeon Kim, Junghwan Pak, Yusin Kim, Jehan Kwon, Sooncheol Lee, Kwanghee 2024-01-19T16:34:01Z 2024-01-19T16:34:01Z 2022-01-25 2020-09 2050-7488 https://pubs.kist.re.kr/handle/201004/118152 'Sol-gel'-processed transition metal oxide (TMO) thin films sandwiched by an organic photoactive layer and metal electrodes have proven to be a versatile interlayer for photovoltaics with long-term stability on the laboratory scale; however, chemical defects and dewetting (or shrinkage) processes during sol-gel synthesis on top of the photoactive layer often cause performance variations, impeding the development of large-area photovoltaic modules. Here, we demonstrate that a low surface energy difference at the organic interface allows long-range diffusion of metal ion precursors to promote continuous chemical synthesis associated with oxo-bridge formation. Using high-resolution Auger electron spectroscopy, we confirm that the resultant TMO thin film on top of the suitable surface has a defect-free and continuous metal-oxygen network (MON) with a high oxygen/metal ratio. Our findings can be applied to obtain organic/perovskite photovoltaic modules having long-term stability, approaching an efficiency of 4.2%/14.5% and maintaining over 80% of their initial efficiency for up to 1500 hours/2000 hours with an area of 10.8 cm(2)/9.06 cm(2). English ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY Direct observation of continuous networks of 'sol-gel' processed metal oxide thin film for organic and perovskite photovoltaic modules with long-term stability Article 10.1039/d0ta02813d 1 JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A, v.8, no.36, pp.18659 - 18667 JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A 8 36 18659 18667 N scie scopus 000572173300052 2-s2.0-85091429377 Chemistry, Physical Energy & Fuels Materials Science, Multidisciplinary Chemistry Energy & Fuels Materials Science Article LARGE-AREA CELLS EFFICIENT FABRICATION