Alvin, Stevanus Yoon, Dohyeon Chandra, Christian Susanti, Ratna F. Chang, Wonyoung Ryu, Changkook Kim, Jaehoon 2024-01-19T19:31:51Z 2024-01-19T19:31:51Z 2021-09-02 2019-08-01 0378-7753 https://pubs.kist.re.kr/handle/201004/119696 Hard carbon is a promising anode material for sodium ion batteries (NIBs). In this study, a two-step carbonization approach is developed to enhance the electrochemical performance of lignocellulose biomass-derived hard carbon. The first step comprises slow low-temperature pyrolysis of fir wood that produces an amorphous carbon in which hexagonal planes are embedded in the amorphous carbon region to some extent. The second step comprises high-temperature carbonization at 1300 degrees C, which yields a hard carbon with a high degree of graphitization, an increased layer-plane length, and a low micropore volume. Two-step carbonized hard carbon delivers a large reversible capacity of 276 mAh g(-1) at 50 mA g(-1) after 100 cycles and high rate capacities of 108 mAh g(-1) at 1.0 A g(-1) and 76.3 mAh g(-1) at 2.5 A g(-1). The low-voltage plateau capacity below 0.1 V is 194 mAh g(-1). The results of these experiments indicate that the exceptional electrochemical performance of two-step carbonized hard carbon arises from the effective suppression of micropore formation and a good balance between the degree of graphitization and number of defect sites. High-voltage adsorption of Na+ -ions in micropores inhibits Na+-ion diffusion into the graphitic region of micropore-enriched hard carbon. English ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV HIGH-PERFORMANCE ANODE HIGH-CAPACITY ANODE RATE CAPABILITY MECHANISTIC INSIGHTS NANOPOROUS CARBON FUNCTIONAL-GROUPS ACTIVATED CARBON GRAPHENE OXIDE SOFT CARBON NA Extended flat voltage profile of hard carbon synthesized using a two-step carbonization approach as an anode in sodium ion batteries Article 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.05.013 1 JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES, v.430, pp.157 - 168 JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES 430 157 168 scie scopus 000474502800021 2-s2.0-85066160184 Chemistry, Physical Electrochemistry Energy & Fuels Materials Science, Multidisciplinary Chemistry Electrochemistry Energy & Fuels Materials Science Article HIGH-PERFORMANCE ANODE HIGH-CAPACITY ANODE RATE CAPABILITY MECHANISTIC INSIGHTS NANOPOROUS CARBON FUNCTIONAL-GROUPS ACTIVATED CARBON GRAPHENE OXIDE SOFT CARBON NA Hard carbon Sodium-ion batteries Porosity Graphitization degree Two-step carbonization