Kim, Joo-Hyun Schaefer, Charley Ma, Tingxuan Zhao, Jingbo Turner, Johnathan Ghasemi, Masoud Constantinou, Iordania So, Franky Yan, He Gadisa, Abay Ade, Harald 2024-01-19T21:02:14Z 2024-01-19T21:02:14Z 2021-09-02 2019-01-10 1614-6832 https://pubs.kist.re.kr/handle/201004/120470 Although ternary solar cells (TSCs) offer a cost-effective prospect to expand the absorption bandwidth of organic solar cells, only few TSCs have succeeded in surpassing the performance of binary solar cells (BSCs) primarily due to the complicated morphology of the ternary blends. Here, the key factors that create and limit the morphology and performance of the TSCs are elucidated. The origin of morphology formation is explored and the role of kinetic factors is investigated. The results reveal that the morphology of TSC blends considered in this study are characterized with either a single length-scale or two length-scale features depending on the composition of the photoactive polymers in the blend. This asymmetric morphology development reveals that TSC blend morphology critically depends on material compatibility and polymer solubility. Most interestingly, the fill factor (FF) of TSCs is found to linearly correlate with the relative standard deviation of the fullerene distribution at small lengths. This is the first time that such a correlation has been shown for ternary systems. The criteria that uniform sized and highly pure amorphous domains are accomplished through the correct kinetic path to obtain a high FF for TSCs are specifically elucidated. The findings provide a critical insight for the precise design and processing of TSCs. English WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH OPEN-CIRCUIT VOLTAGE 13-PERCENT EFFICIENCY POLYMER FULLERENE MISCIBILITY RECOMBINATION PHOTOVOLTAICS ACCEPTORS ENABLES SYSTEMS The Critical Impact of Material and Process Compatibility on the Active Layer Morphology and Performance of Organic Ternary Solar Cells Article 10.1002/aenm.201802293 1 ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS, v.9, no.2 ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS 9 2 scie scopus 000457575300003 2-s2.0-85056789224 Chemistry, Physical Energy & Fuels Materials Science, Multidisciplinary Physics, Applied Physics, Condensed Matter Chemistry Energy & Fuels Materials Science Physics Article OPEN-CIRCUIT VOLTAGE 13-PERCENT EFFICIENCY POLYMER FULLERENE MISCIBILITY RECOMBINATION PHOTOVOLTAICS ACCEPTORS ENABLES SYSTEMS compatibility kinetic morphology development relative standard deviation of the fullerene distribution solubility ternary solar cells