Yoon, Dohyeon Hwang, Jieun Chang, Wonyoung Kim, Jaehoon 2024-01-19T23:33:13Z 2024-01-19T23:33:13Z 2021-09-03 2018-01-10 1944-8244 https://pubs.kist.re.kr/handle/201004/121809 In this study, we demonstrate that lignin, which constitutes 30-40 wt % of the terrestrial lignocellulosic biomass and is produced from second generation biofuel plants as a cheap byproduct, is an excellent precursor material for sodium-ion battery (NIB) anodes. Because it is rich in aromatic monomers that are highly cross-linked by ether and condensed bonds, the lignin material carbonized at 1300 degrees C (C-1300) in this study has small graphitic domains with well-developed graphene layers, a large interlayer spacing (0.403 nm), and a high micropore surface area (207.5 m(2) g(-1)). When tested as an anode in an NIB, C-1300 exhibited an initial Coulombic efficiency of 68% and a high reversible capacity of 297 mA h g(-1) at 50 mA g(-1) after 50 cycles. The high capacity of 199 mA h g(-1) at less than 0.1 V with a flat voltage profile and an extremely low charge discharge voltage hysteresis (< 0.03 V) make C-1300 a promising energy-dense electrode material. In addition, C-1300 exhibited an excellent high-rate performance of 116 mA h g(-1) at 2.5 A g(-1) and showed stable cycling retention (0.2% capacity decay per cycle after 500 cycles). By comparing the properties of the lignin-derived carbon with oak sawdust-derived and sugar-derived carbons and a low-temperature carbonized sample (900 degrees C), the reasons for the excellent performance of C-1300 were determined to result from facilitated Na+-ion transport to the graphitic layer and the microporous regions that penetrate through the less defective and enlarged interlayer spacings. English American Chemical Society ACID HYDROLYSIS LIGNIN HARD CARBON ELECTROCHEMICAL PERFORMANCE GRAPHITE OXIDE LITHIUM INSERTION DISORDERED CARBON CATHODE MATERIALS POROUS CARBON HIGH-YIELD STORAGE Carbon with Expanded and Well-Developed Graphene Planes Derived Directly from Condensed Lignin as a High-Performance Anode for Sodium-Ion Batteries Article 10.1021/acsami.7b14776 1 ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, v.10, no.1, pp.569 - 581 ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 10 1 569 581 scie scopus 000422814400062 2-s2.0-85040355095 Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Materials Science, Multidisciplinary Science & Technology - Other Topics Materials Science Article ACID HYDROLYSIS LIGNIN HARD CARBON ELECTROCHEMICAL PERFORMANCE GRAPHITE OXIDE LITHIUM INSERTION DISORDERED CARBON CATHODE MATERIALS POROUS CARBON HIGH-YIELD STORAGE sodium ion batteries lignin carbon defect dilated interlayer spacing micropore