Lee, Soo-Yeon Go, Ga-Yeon Tuan Anh Vuong Kim, Jee Won Lee, Sullim Jo, Ayoung An, Jun Min Kim, Su-Nam Seo, Dong-Wan Kim, Jin-Seok Kim, Yong Kee Kang, Jong-Sun Lee, Sang-Jin Bae, Gyu-Un 2024-01-19T23:34:25Z 2024-01-19T23:34:25Z 2021-09-03 2018-01 1226-8453 https://pubs.kist.re.kr/handle/201004/121876 Background: Black ginseng (BG) has greatly enhanced pharmacological activities relative to white or red ginseng. However, the effect and molecular mechanism of BG on muscle growth has not yet been examined. In this study, we investigated whether BG could regulate myoblast differentiation and myotube hypertrophy. Methods: BG-treated C2C12 myoblasts were differentiated, followed by immunoblotting for myogenic regulators, immunostaining for a muscle marker, myosin heavy chain or immunoprecipitation analysis for myogenic transcription factors. Results: BG treatment of C2C12 cells resulted in the activation of Akt, thereby enhancing heterodimerization of MyoD and E proteins, which in turn promoted muscle-specific gene expression and myoblast differentiation. BG-treated myoblasts formed larger multinucleated myotubes with increased diameter and thickness, accompanied by enhanced Akt/mTOR/p70S6K activation. Furthermore, the BG treatment of human rhabdomyosarcoma cells restored myogenic differentiation. Conclusion: BG enhances myoblast differentiation and myotube hypertrophy by activating Akt/mTOR/p70S6k axis. Thus, our study demonstrates that BG has promising potential to treat or prevent muscle loss related to aging or other pathological conditions, such as diabetes. (C) 2017 The Korean Society of Ginseng, Published by Elsevier Korea LLC. English KOREAN SOC GINSENG MUSCLE DIFFERENTIATION GENE-TRANSCRIPTION PATHWAYS MYOD MODULATION EXPRESSION Black ginseng activates Akt signaling, thereby enhancing myoblast differentiation and myotube growth Article 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.08.009 1 JOURNAL OF GINSENG RESEARCH, v.42, no.1, pp.116 - 121 JOURNAL OF GINSENG RESEARCH 42 1 116 121 scie scopus kci ART002407130 000426606800016 2-s2.0-85030772812 Plant Sciences Chemistry, Medicinal Integrative & Complementary Medicine Plant Sciences Pharmacology & Pharmacy Integrative & Complementary Medicine Article MUSCLE DIFFERENTIATION GENE-TRANSCRIPTION PATHWAYS MYOD MODULATION EXPRESSION Akt signaling black ginseng myoblast differentiation myogenic conversion myotube hypertrophy