Lee, Dae-Young Shin, Myoung-Sook Shin, Kwang-Soon 2024-01-20T03:00:33Z 2024-01-20T03:00:33Z 2021-09-04 2016-12 1096-620X https://pubs.kist.re.kr/handle/201004/123393 Brown rice has nutritional benefits due to its abundant nutrients and high dietary fiber content. However, it is often consumed in a fermented form for improved chewy texture and digestibility. In this study, a polysaccharide, FBR-4a, was isolated from fermented brown rice and its chemical composition was analyzed. In addition, its immune-stimulating activity was determined using RAW264.7 cells. FBR-4a is a carbohydrate and consists of nine types of monosaccharides, including galactose, arabinose, rhamnose, mannose, fucose, xylose, glucose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid. FBR-4a increased the gene expression of iNOS and IL-6 and enhanced the production of immune-stimulatory molecules (nitric oxide [NO], IL-6, and TNF-alpha) in RAW264.7 cells. Western blot analysis showed that FBR-4a phosphorylated the mitogen-activated protein kinases, NF-kappa B and c-Jun (major component of AP-1 transcription factor) in RAW264.7 cells, in a concentration-dependent manner. FBR-4a-induced IL-6 and NO production was completely suppressed by I kappa B alpha and JNK inhibition, but not by ERK and p38 inhibition. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of c-Jun was also suppressed by I kappa B alpha and JNK inhibition. These findings suggest that FBR-4a isolated from fermented brown rice has immune potentiation activity on macrophages through I kappa B alpha and JNK signaling pathways, which play a central role in IL-6 and NO production. English MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC KOREAN CITRUS HALLABONG I-KAPPA-B CELL RECEPTORS IMMUNITY PEELS Characterization of Macrophage-Activating Polysaccharide Isolated from Fermented Brown Rice Article 10.1089/jmf.2016.3742 1 JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL FOOD, v.19, no.12, pp.1147 - 1154 JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL FOOD 19 12 1147 1154 scie scopus kci 000391505500006 2-s2.0-85006747562 Chemistry, Medicinal Food Science & Technology Nutrition & Dietetics Pharmacology & Pharmacy Food Science & Technology Nutrition & Dietetics Article KOREAN CITRUS HALLABONG I-KAPPA-B CELL RECEPTORS IMMUNITY PEELS brown rice FBR-4a immunomodulatory agent NF-kappa B signaling pathway JNK signaling pathway