Nam, Yun Sik Park, Jin Sook Kim, Nak-Kyoon Lee, Yeonhee Lee, Kang-Bong 2024-01-20T09:32:07Z 2024-01-20T09:32:07Z 2021-09-05 2014-07 0022-1198 https://pubs.kist.re.kr/handle/201004/126646 Seals are traditionally used in the Far East Asia to stamp an impression on a document in place of a signature. In this study, an accuser claimed that a personal contract regarding mining development rights acquired by a defendant was devolved to the accuser because the defendant stamped the devolvement contract in the presence of the accuser and a witness. The accuser further stated that the seal ink stamped on the devolvement contract was the same as that stamped on the development rights application document. To verify this, the seals used in two documents were analyzed using micro-attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and infrared spectra. The findings revealed that the seals originated from different manufacturers. Thus, the accuser's claim on the existence of a devolvement contract was proved to be false. English WILEY PEN INKS Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis of Red Seal Inks on Questioned Document Article 10.1111/1556-4029.12502 1 JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES, v.59, no.4, pp.1153 - 1156 JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 59 4 1153 1156 scie scopus 000338038300043 2-s2.0-84903433062 Medicine, Legal Legal Medicine Article PEN INKS forensic science micro-attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared red seal inks stamp questioned documents infrared spectral database