Kim, Eung Ju Kim, Baek-hui Seo, Hong Seog Lee, Yong Jik Kim, Hyun Hee Son, Hyun-Hwa Choi, Man Ho 2024-01-20T09:33:11Z 2024-01-20T09:33:11Z 2021-09-05 2014-06-05 1932-6203 https://pubs.kist.re.kr/handle/201004/126697 Although triglyceride accumulation in the liver causes non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), hypercholesterolemia is also a main cause of NAFLD as well as atherosclerosis. However, NAFLD and atherosclerosis have not been investigated simultaneously in animal models fed a high-cholesterol diet. Moreover, it is unclear whether systemic inflammation can exacerbate both pathologies in the same model. Accordingly, this study investigated the effect of additional systemic inflammation on NAFLD and atherosclerosis induced by cholesterol overload in wild animals. New Zealand white rabbits were divided into 4 groups: groups I (control) and II received normal chow, and groups III and IV received a 1% cholesterol diet. To induce inflammation via toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 signaling, groups II and IV received subcutaneous injections of 0.5 mL of 1% carrageenan every 3 weeks. After 3 months, total cholesterol markedly increased in groups III and IV, and the serum expressions of systemic inflammatory markers were elevated in the groups II-IV. Early NAFLD lesions (e. g., mild fatty changes in the liver with sporadic fibrosis) and atherosclerosis (e. g., intimal hyperplasia composed of foam cells) were observed in both the liver and aorta specimens from group III, and advanced lesions were observed in group IV. The expressions of inflammatory cellular receptors, TLR-2 and TLR-4, in the aorta gradually increased from group I to IV but were similar in the liver in groups II-IV. Cholesteryl ester (CE) levels were higher in group IV than in group III, although the difference was not significant. CE levels in the aorta were similar between groups III and IV. Systemic inflammation can simultaneously exacerbate existing early lesions due to cholesterol overload in both the liver and aorta of rabbits. However, the cellular response of inflammatory receptors and expression of cholesterol metabolites differ between these organs. English PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE CORONARY-HEART-DISEASE TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR-4 INSULIN-RESISTANCE CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE DIETARY-CHOLESTEROL LIPID-ACCUMULATION METABOLIC SYNDROME RISK STEATOHEPATITIS ASSOCIATION Cholesterol-Induced Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Atherosclerosis Aggravated by Systemic Inflammation Article 10.1371/journal.pone.0097841 1 PLOS ONE, v.9, no.6 PLOS ONE 9 6 scie scopus 000336841400013 2-s2.0-84902532053 Multidisciplinary Sciences Science & Technology - Other Topics Article CORONARY-HEART-DISEASE TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR-4 INSULIN-RESISTANCE CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE DIETARY-CHOLESTEROL LIPID-ACCUMULATION METABOLIC SYNDROME RISK STEATOHEPATITIS ASSOCIATION cholesterol atherosclerosis fatty liver inflammation steroid profiling