Pyo, Myoung-Yun Park, Bo-kyung Choi, Jeong June Yang, Mihi Yang, Hyun Ok Cha, Jin Wook Kim, Jin-Cheol Kim, In Seon Lee, Hyang Burm Jin, Mirim 2024-01-20T11:04:07Z 2024-01-20T11:04:07Z 2021-09-05 2013-11 0918-6158 https://pubs.kist.re.kr/handle/201004/127486 The oral consumption of capsicum has been reported to increase interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon (IFN)-gamma production in Peyer's patches (PP); however, the active components responsible for these effects have not been completely identified. The beneficial biological effects of green peppers cultivated under environmentally friendly farming conditions (ECP), without the use of chemical pesticides, have rarely been compared with those of green peppers cultivated under conventional farming conditions (CCP). Oral administration of ECP extract significantly induced the production of IL-2 and IFN-gamma in concanavalin A-treated cells from PP ex vivo; their levels were much higher than those in the CCP extract-treated group. A comparative analysis of the HPLC profiles indicated a 1.7-fold increase of a peak, named EF-1, at 415 nm in the ECP extract. The major component of EF-1 was identified as pheophytin a, which is a chlorophyll a molecule lacking a central Mg2+ ion, as determined from NMR data. Intake of pheophytin a and chlorophyll a significantly increased IL-2 and IFN-gamma production, and the percentage of IL-2- and IFN-gamma-producing CD4+ T-cells in PP. Taken together, our data suggest that ECPs produce a higher content of pheophytin a than CCPs, and pheophytin a and chlorophyll a are immune-modulating components in green vegetables. English PHARMACEUTICAL SOC JAPAN CAPSICUM-ANNUUM CELLS CAPSAICIN IMMUNITY FRUIT PHEOPHORBIDE MECHANISMS VEGETABLES INFECTION PIGMENTS Pheophytin a and Chlorophyll a Identified from Environmentally Friendly Cultivation of Green Pepper Enhance Interleukin-2 and Interferon-gamma in Peyer's Patches ex Vivo Article 1 BIOLOGICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN, v.36, no.11, pp.1747 - 1753 BIOLOGICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN 36 11 1747 1753 scie scopus 000326359900016 Pharmacology & Pharmacy Pharmacology & Pharmacy Article CAPSICUM-ANNUUM CELLS CAPSAICIN IMMUNITY FRUIT PHEOPHORBIDE MECHANISMS VEGETABLES INFECTION PIGMENTS pheophytin a chlorophyll a environmentally friendly cultivated green pepper Peyer&apos s patch interleukin-2 interferon-gamma