Kim, Yun-Kyoung Kim, Sunghan Um, Ji-Hyun Kim, Kyunga Choi, Sun-Kang Um, Byung-Hun Kang, Suk-Woo Kim, Jee-Woong Takaichi, Shinichi Song, Seok-Bo Lee, Choon-Hwan Kim, Ho-Seung Kim, Ki Woo Nam, Kyoung Hee Lee, Suk-Ha Kim, Yul-Ho Park, Hyang-Mi Ha, Sun-Hwa Verma, Desh Pal S. Cheon, Choong-Ill 2024-01-20T12:02:44Z 2024-01-20T12:02:44Z 2021-09-05 2013-07 0032-0889 https://pubs.kist.re.kr/handle/201004/127909 Legume-Rhizobium spp. symbiosis requires signaling between the symbiotic partners and differential expression of plant genes during nodule development. Previously, we cloned a gene encoding a putative beta-carotene hydroxylase (GmBCH1) from soybean (Glycine max) whose expression increased during nodulation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum. In this work, we extended our study to three GmBCHs to examine their possible role(s) in nodule development, as they were additionally identified as nodule specific, along with the completion of the soybean genome. In situ hybridization revealed the expression of three GmBCHs (GmBCH1, GmBCH2, and GmBCH3) in the infected cells of root nodules, and their enzymatic activities were confirmed by functional assays in Escherichia coli. Localization of GmBCHs by transfecting Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) protoplasts with green fluorescent protein fusions and by electron microscopic immunogold detection in soybean nodules indicated that GmBCH2 and GmBCH3 were present in plastids, while GmBCH1 appeared to be cytosolic. RNA interference of the GmBCHs severely impaired nitrogen fixation as well as nodule development. Surprisingly, we failed to detect zeaxanthin, a product of GmBCH, or any other carotenoids in nodules. Therefore, we examined the possibility that most of the carotenoids in nodules are converted or cleaved to other compounds. We detected the expression of some carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (GmCCDs) in wild-type nodules and also a reduced amount of zeaxanthin in GmCCD8-expressing E. coli, suggesting cleavage of the carotenoid. In view of these findings, we propose that carotenoids such as zeaxanthin synthesized in root nodules are cleaved by GmCCDs, and we discuss the possible roles of the carotenoid cleavage products in nodulation. English AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS ABSCISIC-ACID BIOSYNTHETIC-PATHWAY NITROGEN-FIXATION GLYCINE-MAX ROOT EXPRESSION RICE ACCUMULATION METABOLISM OXYGENASES Functional Implication of beta-Carotene Hydroxylases in Soybean Nodulation Article 10.1104/pp.113.215020 1 PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, v.162, no.3, pp.1420 - 1433 PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 162 3 1420 1433 scie scopus 000321325700016 2-s2.0-84879703406 Plant Sciences Plant Sciences Article ABSCISIC-ACID BIOSYNTHETIC-PATHWAY NITROGEN-FIXATION GLYCINE-MAX ROOT EXPRESSION RICE ACCUMULATION METABOLISM OXYGENASES carotenoid soybean