Hwang, Han-Jeong Kim, Dong Hwan Han, Chang-Hee Im, Chang-Hwan 2024-01-20T12:03:41Z 2024-01-20T12:03:41Z 2021-09-05 2013-06-17 0006-8993 https://pubs.kist.re.kr/handle/201004/127955 In the present study, we introduce a new dual-frequency stimulation method that can produce more visual stimuli with limited number of stimulation frequencies for use in multiclass steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP)-based brain-computer interface (BCI) systems. Methods for increasing the number of visual stimuli are necessary, particularly for the implementation of multi-class SSVEP-based BCI, as available stimulation frequencies are generally limited when visual stimuli are presented through a computer monitor. The new stimulation was based on a conventional black-white checkerboard pattern; however, unlike the conventional approach, ten visual stimuli eliciting distinct SSVEP responses at different frequencies could be generated by combining four different stimulation frequencies. Through the offline experiments conducted with eleven participants, we confirmed that all ten visual stimuli could evoke distinct and discriminable single SSVEP peaks, of which the signal-to-noise ratios were high enough to be used for practical SSVEP-based BCI systems. In order to demonstrate the possibility of the practical use of the proposed method, a mental keypad system was implemented and online experiments were conducted with additional ten participants. We achieved an average information transfer rate of 33.26 bits/min and an average accuracy of 87.23%, and all ten participants succeeded in calling their mobile phones using our online BCI system. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. English ELSEVIER SELECTION PATTERN A new dual-frequency stimulation method to increase the number of visual stimuli for multi-class SSVEP-based brain-computer interface (BCI) Article 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.03.050 1 BRAIN RESEARCH, v.1515, pp.66 - 77 BRAIN RESEARCH 1515 66 77 scie scopus 000321319500008 2-s2.0-84878518378 Neurosciences Neurosciences & Neurology Article SELECTION PATTERN Brain-computer interface (BCI) Dual-frequency stimulation Steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) Pattern reversal visual stimuli Electroencephalography (EEG)