Kannel, Prakash Raj Lee, Seockheon Lee, Young-Soo 2024-01-20T23:34:30Z 2024-01-20T23:34:30Z 2021-09-03 2008-03 0301-4797 https://pubs.kist.re.kr/handle/201004/133694 This study examined the spatial-temporal variations and factors influencing the management of groundwater along a section of the Bagmati river corridor in the Kathmandu valley (Nepal). The results showed that rural areas were less polluted than urban areas. In urban areas, the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations ranged from 8.41 to 29.74 mg/L, 6.7 to 128.96 mg/L and 0.06 to 1.5 mg/L, respectively. In rural areas, the BOD, TN and TP concentrations ranged from 0.78 to 18.25 mg/L, 4.8 to 11.56 mg/L and 0.07 to 0.65 mg/L, respectively. The level of organics was higher in the pre-monsoon season, while the level of nutrients was higher in post-monsoon season. A comparison of the groundwater and surface water in the upstream rural areas revealed that the TP concentration was higher in the groundwater than in the surface water, which was attributed to the sorption of phosphorus on iron, aluminum or calcium compounds contained in the surface water, which depends upon the temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen. In urban areas, a few wells were found at groundwater levels lower than the corresponding surface water levels and were subjected to a high risk of pollution. Overall, these findings reinforce the notion that the management of surface and ground waters in an integrated approach is essential for attaining sustainable development of groundwater systems. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. English ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD KATHMANDU VALLEY RIPARIAN ZONE SEDIMENTS CHEMISTRY EVOLUTION DYNAMICS AQUIFER NITRATE BASIN Assessment of spatial-temporal patterns of surface and ground water qualities and factors influencing management strategy of groundwater system in an urban river corridor of Nepal Article 10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.12.021 1 JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, v.86, no.4, pp.595 - 604 JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 86 4 595 604 scie scopus 000253379800002 2-s2.0-38149030820 Environmental Sciences Environmental Sciences & Ecology Article KATHMANDU VALLEY RIPARIAN ZONE SEDIMENTS CHEMISTRY EVOLUTION DYNAMICS AQUIFER NITRATE BASIN spatial variation temporal variation groundwater quality Bagmati river