Kim, Ji-Hun Lee, Ra Mi Oh, Hyo-Bin Kim, Tae-Young Rhim, Hyewhon Choi, Yoon Kyung Kim, Jong-Hoon Oh, Seikwan Kim, Do-Geun Cho, Ik-Hyun Nah, Seung-Yeol 2024-02-13T02:30:11Z 2024-02-13T02:30:11Z 2024-02-13 2024-01 1226-8453 https://pubs.kist.re.kr/handle/201004/148593 Fresh ginseng is prone to spoilage due to its high moisture content. For long-term storage, most fresh ginsengs are dried to white ginseng (WG) or steamed for hours at high temperature/pressure and dried to form Korean Red ginseng (KRG). They are further processed for ginseng products when subjected to hot water extraction/concentration under pressure. These WG or KRG preparation processes affect ginsenoside compositions and also other ginseng components, probably during treatments like steaming and drying, to form diverse bioactive phospholipids. It is known that ginseng contains high amounts of gintonin lysophosphatidic acids (LPAs). LPAs are simple lipid-derived growth factors in animals and humans and act as exogenous ligands of six GTP-binding-protein coupled LPA receptor subtypes. LPAs play diverse roles ranging from brain development to hair growth in animals and humans. LPA-mediated signaling pathways involve various GTP-binding proteins to regulate downstream pathways like [Ca2 thorn ]i transient induction. Recent studies have shown that gintonin exhibits anti-Alzheimer's disease and anti arthritis effects in vitro and in vivo mediated by gintonin LPAs, the active ingredients of gintonin, a ginseng-derived neurotrophin. However, little is known about how gintonin LPAs are formed in high amounts in ginseng compared to other herbs. This review introduces atypical or non-enzymatic path-ways under the conversion of ginseng phospholipids into gintonin LPAs during steaming and extraction/ concentration processes, which exert beneficial effects against degenerative diseases, including Alz-heimer's disease and arthritis in animals and humans via LPA receptors. (c) 2023 The Korean Society of Ginseng. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). English 고려인삼학회 Atypical formations of gintonin lysophosphatidic acids as new materials and their beneficial effects on degenerative diseases Article 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.02.004 1 Journal of Ginseng Research, v.48, no.1, pp.1 - 11 Journal of Ginseng Research 48 1 1 11 Y scie scopus kci other 001154206800001 2-s2.0-85149822769 Plant Sciences Chemistry, Medicinal Integrative & Complementary Medicine Plant Sciences Pharmacology & Pharmacy Integrative & Complementary Medicine Review FIBROBLAST-LIKE SYNOVIOCYTES BRAIN-BARRIER PERMEABILITY RECEPTOR-LIGAND ENRICHED FRACTION INDUCED ARTHRITIS PANAX-GINSENG MOUSE MODEL INVOLVEMENT HYDROLYSIS ACTIVATION Degenerative diseases Ginseng ginseng -derived neurotrophin Gintonin lysophosphatidic acids New material