Lee, Hye-Ji Lee, Hyo-Won Park, Sung-Won Jeon, Ji-Won Kim, Pyung-Rae Kwak, Kyung-Hwan Han, Young-Ji Holsen, Thomas M. Lee, Seung-Ha Jung, Hyun-Gu Cha, Seung-Hwan Park, Jung-Min Yoo, Myung-Soo 2025-03-22T14:30:25Z 2025-03-22T14:30:25Z 2025-03-19 2025-03 1352-2310 https://pubs.kist.re.kr/handle/201004/152024 Organic matter is often the largest contributor to PM2.5, but its emission sources and formation pathways are very diverse, making it challenging to identify the causes of high concentration episodes. In this study, four groups of organic compounds that contribute to PM2.5, including sugars, dicarboxylic acids (DA), fatty acids (FA), and pinonic acid (PNA) were measured in a medium-sized residential city in South Korea during three seasons, where high PM2.5 concentration episodes often occur. The average concentrations of PM2.5 and total quantified organic matter ( 17 qOM) was 21 f 12 mu g m- 3 and 391 f 183 ng m- 3, respectively. The concentration of sugars was higher during the colder seasons compared to the warm season (32 f 18 ng m-3, 240 f 109 ng m-3, and 231 f 105 ng m- 3 in the warm, transition, and cold seasons, respectively). In contrast, DAs exhibited the opposite seasonal trend (234 f 164 ng m- 3, 114 f 103 ng m-3, and 140 f 103 ng m- 3 in the warm, transition, and cold seasons, respectively). The contribution of FA to qOM was relatively consistent (13.1% in warm season to 15.6% in colder seasons). PNA, a biogenic secondary organic aerosol tracer, had a significantly higher concentration during the warm season (16 f 13 ng m-3 in warm season vs. 3 f 3 ng m- 3 in colder seasons). A strong correlation between sugars and FAs (r = 0.72) was observed only in the transition season, when crop residue burning was determined to be important. Unsaturated FAs were likely to be efficiently aged during the cold season since the ratio of C18:0 to C18:1, a tracer for the age of aerosol, increased. DAs were generally dominant in the warm season, but also significantly increased during most high PM2.5 concentration episodes (HCEs; 306 f 199 ng m-3), which primarily occurred in the colder season. During HCEs appearing in colder season, the ratio of malonic acid (C3) to succinic acid (C4), a tracer for photochemical aging of air masses, also increased, suggesting that the secondary aerosol formation and aerosol aging significantly enhanced PM2.5 concentration. English Elsevier BV Characteristics of elevated PM2.5 events driven by enhanced organic compound concentrations in a South Korean residential city Article 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121053 1 Atmospheric Environment, v.345 Atmospheric Environment 345 Y scie scopus 001409769300001 2-s2.0-85215850564 Environmental Sciences Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences Environmental Sciences & Ecology Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences Article BIOMASS-BURNING CONTRIBUTION CARBON ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION FINE PARTICLES PM2.5 DICARBOXYLIC-ACIDS ALPHA-DICARBONYLS FATTY-ACIDS KETOCARBOXYLIC ACIDS MOLECULAR-DISTRIBUTION ATMOSPHERIC PARTICLES CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION Sugar Dicarboxylic acid Fatty acid Pinonic acid Secondary aerosol Aerosol aging