Kang, Heeseok Park, Hyung Joon Kang, Jieun Hwang, Yuna Lee, Yongjin Park, Sang-Uk Kim, Jeongkyu Lee, Kwan Hyi Jang, Sunbok 2025-04-25T08:00:22Z 2025-04-25T08:00:22Z 2025-04-25 2025-08 0165-9936 https://pubs.kist.re.kr/handle/201004/152340 DNA is much continuously exposed to endogenous and exogenous agents that induce damage, potentially leading to genomic instability, disease development, and aging. Detecting DNA damage and understanding associated repair mechanisms are essential for advancing diagnostic techniques, biosensors, and therapeutic interventions. Since DNA damage varies, the desired measurement approach differs, highlighting the need for an unbiased exploration of DNA damage biomarkers, along with a critical analysis of various quantification methods. Therefore, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of current methodologies for measuring DNA damage, focusing on direct detection of DNA lesions and indirect measurement of repair enzymes. We discuss various analytical, biochemical, and imaging techniques, identify the limitations in existing technologies and suggest future directions. This review emphasizes the growing need for advanced tools to measure DNA damage, which is set to play a transformative role in early disease detection, optimizing treatments, and supporting safe human space exploration. English Elsevier BV Advances in DNA damage detection: Current progress, challenges, and future directions Article 10.1016/j.trac.2025.118246 1 TrAC - Trends in Analytical Chemistry, v.189 TrAC - Trends in Analytical Chemistry 189 Y scie scopus 001462908800001 2-s2.0-105001476320 Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry Review CYCLOBUTANE PYRIMIDINE DIMERS BASE-EXCISION-REPAIR MOLECULAR MARKER ABASIC SITES IN-VIVO FLUORESCENCE DETECTION GLYCOSYLASE ACTIVITY SENSITIVE DETECTION MASS-SPECTROMETRY OXIDATIVE DAMAGE DNA damage DNA repair Biomarkers Measurement techniques Personalized medicine Biosensors