Kim, Go Woon Cha, Minhae Ong, Hien Thi My Yoo, Jung Jeon, Yu Hyun Lee, Sang Wu Oh, Soo Yeon Kang, Min-Jung Kim, Youngsoo Kwon, So Hee 2025-04-29T06:30:10Z 2025-04-29T06:30:10Z 2025-04-28 2025-07 https://pubs.kist.re.kr/handle/201004/152363 Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and the deadliest brain cancer. Glutamine anabolism mediated by glutamine synthetase (GS) is beneficial for GBM cell growth, especially under glutamine deprivation. However, the molecular mechanism underlying GS homeostasis in GBM remains undisclosed. Here, it is reported that histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) promotes GS deacetylation, stabilizing it via ubiquitin-mediated pathway. It is found that deubiquitination of GS is modulated by ubiquitin-specific peptidase 9, X-linked (USP9X). USP9X stabilizes GS by removing its K48-linked polyubiquitination on lysine 91 and 103. Accordingly, targeting HDAC6 and USP9X in vitro and in vivo represses GBM tumorigenesis by decreasing GS stability. Metabolic analysis shows that silencing HDAC6 and USP9X disrupts de novo nucleotide synthesis, thereby attenuating GBM cell growth. Furthermore, GS modulation by targeting HDAC6 and USP9X restrains the self-renewal capacity. These results suggest that HDAC6 and USP9X are crucial epigenetic enzymes that promote GBM tumorigenesis by modulating glutamine metabolism. English Wiley-VCH Verlag HDAC6 and USP9X Control Glutamine Metabolism by Stabilizing GS to Promote Glioblastoma Tumorigenesis Article 10.1002/advs.202501553 1 Advanced Science, v.12, no.25 Advanced Science 12 25 N scie scopus 001521979300016 Chemistry, Multidisciplinary Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Materials Science, Multidisciplinary Chemistry Science & Technology - Other Topics Materials Science Article NUCLEOTIDE BIOSYNTHESIS SYNTHETASE CANCER GROWTH PLAYS PROLIFERATION EXPRESSION MARKER HISTONE DEACETYLASE 6 glutamine metabolism GS HDAC6 USP9X glioblastoma