Namkung, Min Kim, Dong-Hyun Hong, Seongjin Lee, Changhyoup Lim, Hyang-Tag 2025-07-28T05:00:10Z 2025-07-28T05:00:10Z 2025-07-25 2025-07 2469-9926 https://pubs.kist.re.kr/handle/201004/152846 Multiple-phase estimation exploiting quantum states has broad applications in novel sensing and imaging technologies. However, the unavoidable presence of lossy environments in practical settings often diminishes the precision of phase estimations. To address this challenge, we propose an optimal multiple-phase estimation scheme that is inherently robust against photon loss, ensuring a persistent quantum advantage across all levels of photon loss. The scheme employs a multimode definite photon-number (DPN) state with weights optimized for given levels of photon loss. We theoretically demonstrate that the DPN state can sustain quantum enhancement in estimation precision under all levels of photon loss, compared to the classical benchmark that employs a coherent state input. The proposed scheme using DPN states generalizes earlier studies employing NOON states, which are only optimal when photon loss is small. We believe that our study, demonstrating persistent robustness to photon loss, paves the way for significant advancements in quantum-enhanced sensing technologies, enabling practical applications and quantum advantages in real-world scenarios. English American Physical Society Persistent quantum advantage with definite photon-number states in lossy multiple-phase estimation Article 10.1103/l44c-d76x 1 Physical Review A, v.112, no.1 Physical Review A 112 1 N scie scopus 001538525800002 Optics Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical Optics Physics Article