Lee, Jinsil Ma, Zhongtao Kim, Taeyun Bjornsson, Magnus Kim, Seong Kyun Yoon, Kyung Joong Simonsen, Soren Bredmose Joo, Jong Hoon 2025-10-01T11:03:11Z 2025-10-01T11:03:11Z 2025-09-30 2025-10 1613-6810 https://pubs.kist.re.kr/handle/201004/153308 Solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) degrades more rapidly than a solid oxide fuel cell. One of the primary causes of this degradation is interfacial issues between the electrode and electrolyte, such as the accumulation of oxygen ions and the lattice strain near the interface. Although extensive research has been conducted on these degradation mechanisms, most studies have relied on post-mortem microstructural analysis rather than real-time operando analysis, which limits the understanding of degradation mechanisms under real operating conditions. Additionally, while there are a few reports on operando studies using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) on SOEC, comprehensive research that integrates these observations with mechanistic analysis is relatively limited. In this study, an advanced technique is applied to facilitate the identification of key degradation reactions through the correlation of electrochemical analysis with operando STEM using dense perovskite bulk electrodes. By simplifying electrode geometry and enabling quantitative impedance analysis, dense electrodes provide a clear framework for identifying interfacial and surface reactions. This methodology lays the groundwork for the real-time analysis of electrochemical properties and microstructural changes in dense bulk materials using impedance spectroscopy and STEM. English Wiley - V C H Verlag GmbbH & Co. Real-Time Analysis of Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells Manufactured by Ceramic Sintering Process via Operando TEM and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Article 10.1002/smll.202504862 1 Small, v.21, no.40 Small 21 40 N scie scopus 001571785700001 2-s2.0-105016260934 Chemistry, Multidisciplinary Chemistry, Physical Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Materials Science, Multidisciplinary Physics, Applied Physics, Condensed Matter Chemistry Science & Technology - Other Topics Materials Science Physics Article THIN-FILM ELECTRODES FUEL-CELL OXYGEN REDUCTION SR SEGREGATION DOPANT SEGREGATION CATHODE MATERIAL EXCHANGE electrochemical impedance spectroscopy operando transmission electron microscopy post-mortem analysis solid oxide electrolysis cell dense bulk electrode