Park, Sangin Ha, Ji Hyeon Kim, Lae hyun 2024-01-12T03:00:51Z 2024-01-12T03:00:51Z 2022-08-19 2022-08 1424-8220 https://pubs.kist.re.kr/handle/201004/76642 Head-mounted display (HMD) virtual reality devices can facilitate positive experiences such as co-presence and deep immersion; however, motion sickness (MS) due to these experiences hinders the development of the VR industry. This paper proposes a method for assessing MS caused by watching VR content on an HMD using cardiac features. Twenty-eight undergraduate volunteers participated in the experiment by watching VR content on a 2D screen and HMD for 12 min each, and their electrocardiogram signals were measured. Cardiac features were statistically analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The proposed model for classifying MS was implemented in various classifiers using significant cardiac features. The results of ANCOVA reveal a significant difference between 2D and VR viewing conditions, and the correlation coefficients between the subjective ratings and cardiac features have significant results in the range of ？0.377 to ？0.711 (for SDNN, pNN50, and ln HF) and 0.653 to 0.677 (for ln VLF and ln VLF/ln HF ratio). Among the MS classification models, the linear support vector machine achieves the highest average accuracy of 91.1% (10-fold cross validation) and has a significant permutation test outcome. The proposed method can contribute to quantifying MS and establishing viewer-friendly VR by determining its qualities. English Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) Effect of Visually Induced Motion Sickness from Head-Mounted Display on Cardiac Activity Article 10.3390/s22166213 1 Sensors, v.22, no.16, pp.6213 Sensors 22 16 6213 Y scie scopus 000845231900001 Chemistry, Analytical Engineering, Electrical & Electronic Instruments & Instrumentation Chemistry Engineering Instruments & Instrumentation Article RATE-VARIABILITY AUTONOMIC RESPONSES COGNITIVE FUNCTION EEG MODULATION FATIGUE INDEX HRV visually induced motion sickness normalized heart rate variability cardiac activity head-mounted display cognitive load