Quantitative Analysis and Risk Assessment of Cyanogenic Glycosides in Foods Using LC-MS/MS and Solid-Liquid Extraction

Abstract

Cyanogenic glycosides are phytotoxins capable of releasing hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and are secondary plant metabolites present in more than 2,500 plant species and related foods. These compounds are not harmful on their own, but when degraded by enzymes, they release hydrogen cyanide, which is toxic to humans and animals. This study aimed to simultaneously quantify four cyanogenic glycosides - lotaustralin, prunasin, taxiphyllin, and dhurrin using a combination of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and solid-liquid extraction (SLE). The analyses were extended to agricultural products and various processed foods derived from them. To estimate potential risk levels, we calculated dietary exposures and theoretical HCN levels in Koreans based on the concentrations of each cyanogenic glycoside. The study also aimed to provide a quantitative risk assessment framework to predict toxicity starting points even with limited animal toxicity data. In the absence of established guidelines for acceptable intake levels of cyanogenic glycosides in various foods, this study provides initial guidance for assessing the risks associated with commonly consumed foods.