Seed Dormancy and Germination Characteristics of Scutellaria indica L. var. coccinea S.T.Kim & S.T.Lee., an Endemic Species Found on Jeju Island, South Korea

Abstract

Globally, biodiversity is declining, meaning that many endemic plants are under threat; therefore, it is essential to develop conservation strategies. Scutellaria indica var. coccinea has great potential as an ornamental ground cover plant, but it is a plant that requires ex situ conservation. This study was conducted in order to investigate the seed germination characteristics and classify the dormancy type of S. indica var. coccinea seeds, with the aim of developing mass propagation protocols for ex situ conservation and preservation of their genetic diversity. Fresh and mature seeds of S. indica var. coccinea are in a dormant state, which is released by low temperatures during winter, resulting in radicle and seedling emergence the following spring. At the time of dispersal, the seeds had fully developed embryos, and the seed coat was permeable. When the seeds were incubated under four different temperature regimes (4, 15/6, 20/10, or 25/15 °C), they showed a low germination percentage (≤20%), indicating that a substantial proportion of the seeds remained in a dormant state. In the cold stratification experiment (0, 4, 8, or 12 weeks at 4 °C), germination increased, and the time required for germination shortened as the duration of cold treatment lengthened. This suggests that low temperatures are the primary environmental signal that induces germination. In the gibberellic acid (GA3) treatment (GA3 0, 10, 100, or 1000 mg·L−1), relatively high concentrations (100 and 1000 mg·L−1) were effective in promoting germination. The highest germination was obtained in GA3 1000 mg·L−1 with 100.0%, which is about 7 times higher than the control (13.6%). Therefore, seeds of S. indica var. coccinea were classified as having non-deep physiological dormancy (PD). Additionally, because the minimum germinable temperature range of the seeds was extended to lower temperatures, the seeds were classified as having type 2 non-deep PD.