Cd-Doped Li4-xCdxTi5O12 (x = 0.20) as a High Rate Capable and Stable Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries
- Authors
- Basit Ali; Raz Muhammad; Mobinul Islam; Daniel Adjah Anang; Da-Seul Han; Moeez, Iqra; Chung, Kyung Yoon; Cho, Min Kyung; Kim, Ji Young; Min-Gyu Kim; Kyung-Wan Nam
- Issue Date
- 2023-04
- Publisher
- AMER CHEMICAL SOC
- Citation
- ACS Applied Energy Materials, v.6, no.8, pp.4198 - 4210
- Abstract
- Li4Ti5O12 (LTO), an excellent anode for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), suffers from low electronic conductivity, limiting its high-power rate application. An aliovalent metal ion doping strategy that tunes the electronic/ionic conductivity can mitigate this issue. In this work, we investigated a series of Cd2+ dopings on the Li4?xCdxTi5O12 (x = 0, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20) anode material by considering its effect on structural and electrochemical performance in Li- and Na-ion batteries. Combined Rietveld refinement and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) analysis explicitly identified Cd2+ doping into the Li(8a) tetrahedral site of the cubic spinel LTO structure. According to high-resolution powder diffraction (HRPD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), 4-point probe, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), an increase in Cd2+ doping from 5 to 20% at the Li (8a) site in the LTO results in a reduction in particle size, an expansion of lattice, an increase in conductivity, and an increase in Ti3+ content to Ti4+ ratio. High-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (HR-STEM) confirms that cadmium ions are interstitially doped in the LTO structure. Compared to the pristine LTO electrode in the Li half cell, the Li3.80Cd0.20Ti5O12 (Cd0.20-LTO) electrode showed a significant improvement in capacity at high rates and excellent cycling performance. The improvement in performance for Cd0.20-doped LTO is a consequence of the reduction in the diffusion path and the faster Li-ion kinetics. Therefore, this Cd-doped LTO series of electrodes demonstrates advantageous features for Li-ion battery systems.
- Keywords
- NEGATIVE-ELECTRODE MATERIALS; HIGH-RATE PERFORMANCE; ELECTROCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS; CATHODE MATERIALS; NATURAL GRAPHITE; SPINEL OXIDES; LI4TI5O12; INSERTION; TITANATE; LIFE; Cd-doped LTO; spinel structure; high rate capable; lithium-ion batteries (LIBs); sodium-ion batteries (SIBs)
- ISSN
- 2574-0962
- URI
- https://pubs.kist.re.kr/handle/201004/75750
- DOI
- 10.1021/acsaem.2c04143
- Appears in Collections:
- KIST Article > 2023
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